Leadership In Julius Ceasar Essay Example For Students

Administration In Julius Ceasar Essay In Shakespeare s disaster Julius Caesar, the utilization of various pioneers assumes a significant job in the plot, demonstrating distinctively how solid characters strife. This is the situation with Brutus and Cassius, the two heads among the few backstabbers. The narrative of Julius Caesar is set in old Rome during when Julius Caesar is to become lord. This, in any case, rankles Cassius, an aristocrat, and he plots with Brutus and others to murder him before he becomes ruler. They do only that, advocating their activities by saying Caesar was excessively goal-oriented and would have gone crazy with power. This reverse discharges with the Roman residents after a passionate discourse by Mark Antony, Caesar s right hand man. This powers the plotters to escape Rome and do battle with Antony and in the long run end their own lives. Due to their incredible administration characteristics, Brutus and Cassius play the pioneer jobs among the plotters. By and by, they now and again contend throughout activity. Despite the fact that Brutus and Cassius are both comparable in that they are extraordinary pioneers, their disparities in character are instrumental in deciding the finish of the play. Regardless of their disparities, Brutus and Cassius have comparable qualities that offer ascent to incredible pioneers. Both Brutus and Cassius are honorable, shrewd men. They for the most part mean well and comprehend the circumstance they are in. This is the reason the two of them consent to oblige the scheme to murder Caesar. The two additionally prefer to thoroughly consider and design their activities. They do this two critical occasions in the play. At the point when the two arrangement Caesar s death and during the arranging of the last move for Brutus and Cassius armed force. At the point when the death is creating, Cassius thinks to execute Antony just as Caesar saying, Mark Antony, so well dearest of Caesar, Should outlast Caesar. We will discover of him A canny contriver; and you know his methods, If he improve them, may well stretch so far As to pester every one of us. Which to forestall, Let Antony and Caesar fall together (2. 1. 157-162). Brutus, in any case, reacts with his own thinking, Our course will seen excessively grisly, Caius Cassius, To cut the head off and afterward hack at the appendages, Like fierceness in death and jealousy a while later; For Antony is nevertheless an appendage of Caesar (2. . 163-166). They two are likewise confident and self-subordinate. They can think and represent themselves as they should any incredible man says Cassius to Brutus, Men sooner or later are bosses of their destinies. The deficiency dear Brutus, isn't in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are subordinates. (1. 2. 139-141). These likenesses of knowledge, capacity to reason, and self reliance in the two make them generally excellent pioneers for others in the intrigue to follow and comply. The characters of Brutus and Cassius are by and by altogether different in their capacity to confide in others. Brutus is an exceptionally confiding face to face, nearly to the point of being na ve. He for the most part accepts everybody is honorable and means well as a primary concern. He doesn t figure individuals can be somebody other than what they appear. This is appeared with his solid assessment of Antony, And for Mark Antony, consider not him; For he can do close to Caesar s arm When Caesar s head is off (2. 1. 181-183). This sentiment is a long way from reality as demonstrated in the passionate discourse Antony makes following Caesar s demise. Cassius, then again, was a lot of less trusting. He was typically dubious of others and careful to act. Cassius is the first to announce Antony will bring the defeat of the plotters saying, A wise contriver; and you know his methods, If he improve them, may well stretch so far As to bother every one of us (2. 1. 159-161). He is additionally against letting Antony talk at Caesar s burial service before the residents of Rome. His doubt in Antony, however inability to act in like manner, ends up being a key impact to the play s result. .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 , .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .postImageUrl , .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 , .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6:hover , .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6:visited , .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6:active { border:0!important; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6:active , .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u8ed0546de1e ef4d5556ff186863dcdb6 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8ed0546de1eef4d5556ff186863dcdb6:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: What is the Function of the Inspector In The Play as a Whole, to the Plot, Characters And the Audience EssayHe believes that Mark Antony, just as with Caesar, can not be trusted to act in concurrence with his arrangements. Brutus carelessness in others was a definitive supporter of the backstabbers passing. During the arranging phase of the intrigue, Brutus is the person who settles on the choice not to slaughter Antony. The rest followed his arrangement due to his respect, as opposed to his rationale, and hence not the outcomes of his over confiding in judgment. Brutus and Cassius contrasts in thought processes are additiona lly an antecedent to their intentions all through the play. Cassius is a self-serving; he is faithful to himself to the exclusion of everything else. As he states in the early piece of the play, Cassius from subjugation will convey Cassius (1. 3. 90). In the past scene he persuades Brutus to join the connivance by misusing his respect and respectability. This is clear when he closes his contention with, I am happy that my powerless words Have struck however along these lines a lot of show of fire from Brutus (1. 2. 176-177). Cassius thought processes in murdering Caesar are fundamentally desire and jealousy, instead of Caesar s aspiration, which he uses to persuade Brutus. Brutus, conversely, is energetic and faithful to his nation and its residents. Brutus makes his expectations understood right from the beginning of the scheme attesting to Cassius about Caesar, That you do cherish me, I am not much (1. 2. 162). He actually killed his companion out of dread of his desire, as he says in the memorial service discourse, Brutus love to Caesar was no less that his. In the event that, at that point that companion request why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I adored Caesar less, however that I cherished Rome more I respect him, yet as he was aspiring, I slew him (3. . 19-22, 26-27). He proceeds to guarantee the group when it suits the nation for his passing, he will do likewise to himself (3. 2. 46-47). This obviously shows his needs with regards to faithfulness, and this is the reason, in his psyche, Caesar needed to kick the bucket. Significantly after he is compelled to escape Rome, he realizes he should battle Antony since he is apprehensive Antony will turn into a despot. The differentiating thought processes of Brutus and Cassius significantly influenced their decisions and thus so were the occasions prompting their result. Regardless of the numerous solid authority qualities Brutus and Cassius share, their significant contrasts in trust and unwaveringness are a definitive variables that impact the finish of the play. Both of these characters have incredible characteristics, for example, knowledge, self-reliance, and thinking capacity that make them magnificent pioneers. It, notwithstanding, is their disparities that oversee the final product of the intrigue. The absolute most remarkable choice of the play was the point at which the plotters settled not to murder Antony alongside Caesar. Brutus overpowering trust of Antony persuaded Antony was not going to be an issue. There are numerous ramifications of administration as observed in Julius Caesar. The individuals who will in general display solid authority attributes will have substantially more effect on the individuals who will in general remain back and fall into the group, regardless of whether the choices being made are nonsensical. At the point when two in number pioneers cooperate, there for the most part is a contradiction on the strategy, which can be unsafe for the gathering. The solid characters of Brutus and Cassius, and the more fragile backstabbers, demonstrate both these ends.

Public’s perception of police Essay

Do you think the occasions of September 11, 2001, changed the public’s impression of police? Clarify how and why. One accepts the open recognition has influenced from great to awful over years. For example, directly after the September eleventh fear based oppressor assaults on the Twin Towers, the mass loss of regular citizens, police, just as local group of fire-fighters work force increased open compassion. The Cypress Times clarifies, â€Å"It remains the deadliest day in U.S. law implementation history: 72 harmony officials executed in the line of obligation during the psychological militant assaults of September 11, 2001† (Kouri, 2011). The open saw the loss of offices just as law implementation officials as saints for the mental fortitude of attempting to endeavor to spare lives and coloring in real life. These people were not, at this point only the individuals one would attempt to keep away from, for example, with traffic tickets, these were the people society w ould perceive and come to thank. Be that as it may, as society isn't only one individual and incorporates the psyches of many came a lot of discussion. Alongside such enormous plot to slaughter Americans incorporated the matter of who to fault for such assaults. Was the fault toward the absence of air terminal security and work force by the air terminal police, the President of the United States or for the thieves? Regardless of habitual pettiness numerous laws were without a doubt implemented after the September eleventh assaults on United States soil. The League for Revolutionary Party delineates, Perhaps, many idea, September 11 would stamp the start of when all Americans would stand together in solidarity and equality†¦. legislators passed new laws like the â€Å"USA Patriot Act† that significantly extended police forces to spy, capture and question suspects (League for Revolutionary Party, 2011). In fact, the same number of laws intend to help, one accepts this would give cops more room to utilize forces of police activities. The League for Revolutionary Party further shows, â€Å"The master cop air cultivated after September 11 gave the police a green light to beat, shoot and execute unafraid of discipline or even much attention† (League for Revolutionary Party, 2011). One accepts this is to some degree precise as the assaults are especially engraved in numerous individual personalities, in any case, the appreciative disposition of Americans moved quick from the saints of that day to the legends that are right now conveyed in light of the September eleventh assaults. Regardless of what there will consistently be terrible cops; there were some before September eleventh and after September eleventh. The assaults had an impact however in spite of the assaults a great part of the open will accept police racially profile or are the miscreants that simply give people tickets. Regardless of assessments, officials are there to serve and secure. References: Kouri, K. (2011, August 20). 72 Police Officers Killed On 9/11 To Be Remembered On tenth Anniversary. Recovered from http://www.thecypresstimes.com League for Revolutionary Party. (2011, Fall). Police Terror since September 11. Recovered from http://www.Irp-cofi.org

Oñate, Juan de

Oñate, Juan de Oñate, Juan de hwän da onyä ´ta [key], fl. 1595â€"1614, Spanish explorer in the American Southwest, possibly b. New Spain. In 1598 he led an expedition north from New Spain, took possession of New Mexico for the Spanish king, and established a settlement at San Juan. He was immediately faced by an Native American revolt at Acoma , which he put down brutally. In 1601, Oñate, in search of Quivira , led an expedition across present Oklahoma to the plains around Wichita, Kans., then returned, unsuccessful, to New Mexico, where discontent was rife among the colonists. Anxious to find a route to the South Sea, he led (1605) an expedition westward, reached the Colorado River, and went down it to the Gulf of California before turning back to his colony. He was relieved (1609) as governor and tried on charges of misconduct in office. Convicted in 1614, he later sought a pardon, which was granted before 1624. One of his lieutenants, Gaspar de Villagrá, celebrated Oñate's deeds in His toria de la Nueva México, but his real achievements in founding and exploring a broad new realm did not receive the deserved recognition. See study by G. P. Hammond and A. Rey (1953); M. Simmons, The Last Conquistador (repr. 1993). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

How Effective Global Advertising - 1084 Words

Introduction: This paper focuses on how effective global advertisements with respect to cultural effects in India. In other words, the purpose of the paper is to find out whether a global advertisement will be effective; is it affected by culture, region especially in India. Global Marketing is the strategy used to increase sales and profit of a brand in international marketing through single message (Reference, 2016). In recent times, Global markets have increased significantly. In past few years international markets have grown faster than the domestic markets indication the growth of globalization. Most of the companies enter international markets for profits and to increase the sales. Some companies enter the international markets when their domestic market has reached maturity. One of the good examples is Coca-Cola. (Gillespie, n.d.). The most common paradox in global advertisement is â€Å"Think Global, act local†. It is know that thinking and behavior patterns are equally influenced by ones culture. (Mooij, 2010). Global marketers suggest that global youth segment with homogenous desires. That is localized versions of youth culture evolve when global youth cultures are available.(Kjeldgaard D., Askegaard, S, 2006). The great example of global communication is internet as it is assumed to cross the cultural barriers.(Cheon.H.J,C-H., Sutherland,J.(2007). Difference of opinions are found in the cultures and between the culture. For example, after the battle of Waterloo,Show MoreRelatedBusiness Studies Assessment Task : Qantas1654 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermining the overall success of large global businesses (LGB). Marketing strategies are plans of action intended to promote and sell goods or services. There are a number of marketing strategies available, however, this report focuses specifically on pricing, promotion and global marketing. 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The key to any effective campaign will be the allocationRead MoreAdvertising : Advertising And Advertising1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Every Advertising campaign main focus is to be cost effective, reach the largest target audience and most importantly should attract new customers.(allbusiess.com) Advertising plays a crucial role for every company regarding the size of the company, it doesn’t matter if the company is big or small an effective and well planned ad campaign can do wonders for the company. â€Å"Effective advertising reaches potential customers and informs them of your products or services. Ideally, advertising shouldRead MoreGlobal Advertising Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘global’ brings implications of a sense of ‘togetherness’, global advertising therefore suggests marketing to the world as a sole unit. The pioneer of global marketing was Theodore Levitt, ‘he insisted that companies should start thinking themselves as global rather than multinational’ (Barnet, 1994: 168). ‘The global corporation treats the entire world as if it were a single entity and sells the same things in the same way everywhere’ (Leiss, Kline, Hally, 1997: 171). However this generatesRead MoreGlobal Online Advertising : Relevant Industry1512 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Online Advertising – Relevant Industry In 1998, Google, Inc. surfaced online and has gradually gained a dominant role in the global online advertising industry to fuel expansion. The global online advertising industry includes social media advertising, search advertising, mobile advertising, and display and web banner advertising. According to eMarketer, Google’s products have allowed it to maintain above 30% revenue growth in 2014 for worldwide digital advertising (2014). Today, Google,Read MoreThe Advantages Of Online Advertising1312 Words   |  6 Pagesqualified recipients. (Heindl, 2008) Achieve Specific Campaign Goals Online advertising enable advertisers to achieve specific campaign goals more strategically than traditional media. Advertisers can weigh creative by best performing, limit daily impressions through frequency caps and have better reach control by the advanced targeting capabilities offered online. (Heindl, 2008) Immediate Response Online advertising enables consumers to take immediate action in response to your message. Your audienceRead MoreCalculating Marketing Budget1261 Words   |  6 PagesCompiled by: Behaylu Wondafrash How to Decide Banks Marketing Budget? Introduction Now a day under taking marketing activities is compulsory and a key to exist in the business environment especially in the financial sector where competition is strong. In Ethiopia there are 16 private commercial banks and three public owned banks. There is strong competition among these banks to take market share and earn profit especially for those banks that enter the market recently. In addition according toRead MoreWas Johnnie Walker’s Keep Walking Campaign Effective? Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages†¢ How effective was the advertising? Remember to supply evidence – and beware of making sweeping claims without supporting data: just because you liked an ad does not mean it was effective! Always consider other factors. †¢ What – if any - general conclusions can be drawn from the example you have studied? You should consider the wider implications of the campaign – social, cultural and otherwise. Relate your case study to what we have looked at during the module. Was Johnnie Walker’s KeepRead MoreThe World Is A Super Tool Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesand needs. Advertising in such a way is aimed to bring more convince and options to the consumer. In reality, this type of tactic is most beneficial to the corporation. What’s more, practices such as planned obsolescence further fuels the consumer cycle. Big business practices such as image propagation, branding, and planned obsolescence has led to excess waste in the wake if today’s global consumer culture, one that is centered around profit. There are companies in today’s global market that

List of the 47 Prefectures of Japan by Area

Japan is an island nation located in eastern Asia in the Pacific Ocean. It is to the east of China, Russia, North Korea and South Korea. Japan is an archipelago that is made up of over 6,500 islands, the largest of which are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu,  and Shikoku. It is one of the worlds largest countries by population and it has one of the largest economies in the world due to its many international companies and highly advanced technologies. Because of Japans large size, it is divided into 47 different prefectures for local administration (map). Prefectures in Japan are the highest level of government that an area can have as it is right below the federal government. They are similar to the 50 states of the United States and the 28 states of India or the provinces of Canada. Each prefecture has its own governor and they are subdivided into districts and municipalities. The following is a list of Japans prefectures by area. For reference, capital cities have also been included. 1) HokkaidoArea: 32,221 square miles (83,452 sq km)Capital: Sapporo2) IwateArea: 5,899 square miles (15,278 sq km)Capital: Morioka3) FukushimaArea: 5,321 square miles (13,782 sq km)Capital: Fukushima City4) NaganoArea: 4,864 square miles (12,598 sq km)Capital: Nagano5) NiigataArea: 4,857 square miles (12,582 sq km)Capital: Niigata6) AkitaArea: 4,483 square miles (11,612 sq km)Capital: Akita7) GifuArea: 4,092 square miles (10,598 sq km)Capital: Gifu8) AomoriArea: 3,709 square miles (9,606 sq km)Capital: Aomori9) YamagataArea: 3,599 square miles (9,323 sq km)Capital: Yamagata10) KagoshimaArea: 3,526 square miles (9,132 sq km)Capital: Kagoshima11) HiroshimaArea: 3,273 square miles (8,477 sq km)Capital: Hiroshima12) HyogoArea: 3,240 square miles (8,392 sq km)Capital: Kobe13) ShizuokaArea: 2,829 square miles (7,328 sq km)Capital: Shizuoka14) MiyagiArea: 2,813 square miles (7,285 sq km)Capital: Sendai15) KochiArea: 2,743 square miles (7,104 sq km)Capital: Kochi16) OkayamaArea: 2,706 square miles (7,008 sq km)Capital: Okayama17) KumamotoArea: 2,667 square miles (6,908 sq km)Capital: Kumamoto18) ShimaneArea: 2,589 square miles (6,707 sq km)Capital: Matsue19) MiyazakiArea: 2,581 square miles (6,684 sq km)Capital: Miyazaki20) TochigiArea: 2,474 square miles (6,408 sq km)Capital: Utsunomiya21) GunmaArea: 2,457 square miles (6,363 sq km)Capital: Maebashi22) YamaguchiArea: 2,359 square miles (6,111 sq km)Capital: Yamaguchi23) IbarakiArea: 2,353 square miles (6,095 sq km)Capital: Mito24) OitaArea: 2,241 square miles (5,804 sq km)Capital: Oita25) MieArea: 2,224 square miles (5,761 sq km)Capital: Tsu26) EhimeArea: 2,191 square miles (5,676 sq km)Capital: Matsuyama27) ChibaArea: 1,991 square miles (5,156 sq km)Capital: Chiba28) AichiArea: 1,990 square miles (5,154 sq km)Capital: Nagoya29) FukuokaArea: 1,919 square miles (4,971 sq km)Capital: Fukuoka30) WakayamaArea: 1,824 square miles (4,725 sq km)Capital: Wakayama31) KyotoArea: 1,781 square miles (4,613 sq km)Capital: Kyoto32) YamanashiArea: 1,724 square miles (4,465 sq km)Capital: Kofu33) ToyamaArea: 1,640 square miles (4,247 sq km)Capital: Toyama34) FukuiArea: 1,617 square miles (4,189 sq km)Capital: Fukui35) IshikawaArea: 1,616 square miles (4,185 sq km)Capital: Kanazawa36) TokushimaArea: 1,600 square miles (4,145 sq km)Capital: Tokushima37) NagasakiArea: 1,580 square miles (4,093 sq km)Capital: Nagasaki38) ShigaArea: 1,551 square miles (4,017 sq km)Capital: Otsu39) SaitamaArea: 1,454 square miles (3,767 sq km)Capital: Saitama40) NaraArea: 1,425 square miles (3,691 sq km)Capital: Nara41) TottoriArea: 1,354 square miles (3,507 sq km)Capital: Tottori42) SagaArea: 942 square miles (2,439 sq km)Capital: Saga43) KanagawaArea: 932 square miles (2,415 sq km)Capital: Yokohama44) OkinawaArea: 877 square miles (2,271 sq km)Capital: Naha45) TokyoArea: 844 square miles (2,187 sq km)Capital: Shinjuku46) OsakaArea: 731 square miles (1,893 sq km)Capital: Osaka47) KagawaArea: 719 square miles (1,862 sq km)Capital: Ta kamatsuSources:Wikipedia.org. Prefectures of Japan - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan.

Blaw Law of Tort Free Essays

Ngee Ann Polytechnic School of Business Accountancy Diplomas in ACC, BIT, BS, BFS IBZ Business Law LAW OF TORTSTUDENTS’ COPY Tutorial Questions Section B: Problem Questions (Use LAC format to answer, with supporting cases) 1. Last month, Raj bought a pair of Flying Eagle inline skates from his neighbourhood shop. Flying Eagle inline skates are made in a factory in Tampines owned by the Kang Brothers. We will write a custom essay sample on Blaw Law of Tort or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unknown to Raj, the particular model of inline skates had a manufacturing defect. Two weeks ago, while Raj was skating down the Bukit Timah Hill, the brakes on the skates failed, causing him to roll down the hill. Raj suffered multiple bruises on his head, elbows and knees and a fracture of his right wrist. Raj was hospitalised and was unable to work for three weeks as a part-time delivery boy at the Prata Hut. Required: a) Advise Raj whether he can successfully claim compensation under the tort of negligence. Legal principals Negligence is not doing something that a reasonable man would do, or doing something that a reasonable man would not do. A duty of care firstly requires factual forseeablility owed to any person whom we can reasonably foresee will be injured by our acts or omissions to test the remoteness of damage. It is also known as the ‘neighbour principal’. Secondly, there must be legal proximity based on the closeness and directness of the relationship between the parties, physical proximity or casual proximity. Lastly, there is a consideration of all policy matters applicable to the situation which might remove the duty of care which had been established. Whether or not the duty of care is breached determines on the standard of care expected from the person who owes the duty. Factors like the level of skill, likelihood of injury and seriousness of the injury are taken into consideration. The plaintiff must then show that he suffered damage or loss as a direct result of the defendant’s breach. This can be done using the ‘but for’ test, in which if the plaintiff would not have suffered damage but for the defendant’s negligence, then the negligence is a direct result and breach of duty of care. Application Flying Eagle owes its customers a duty of care to ensure that its skates are free of defects. It is factually foreseable that if the skates had defects, the person wearing the skates will eventually be injured. There is casual proximity involved as the skates were bought from a shop that sells Flying Eagle skates. Using the ‘but for’ test, Raj is most likely not to have suffered injuries if there were not any defects. Conclusion In conclusion, Raj is able to sue Flying Eagle for damages regarding his hospitalisation fees and loss of income. b) Discuss briefly whether it will make a difference to your answer if the medical report showed that the injuries suffered by Raj could have been less serious if he had worn a safety helmet, and protective pads while skating. Under the Contributory Negligence and Personal injuries Act, the plaintiff’s injury was partly contributed by his own fault. The court will apportion the liability between the parties. In Raj’s case, his injuries would have been less serious by wearing his safety equipment. Thus, the extent of injury was partly contributed by his own fault and he will not be able to claim as much compensation as compared to the first scenario. 2. Wanda was very unhappy with her boss, Glenda. After she resigned, she decided to vent her frustration by sending e-mails to her company’s clients and some of her colleagues that her boss is â€Å"a fraud and a tyrant who runs the company like an army regiment. † These statements are totally untrue and the company’s clients do not have a good opinion of Glenda anymore. In fact, since the e-mail started circulating, the company’s business has suffered badly. Required: a) Advise Glenda whether she will be successful if she sues Wanda for defamation. Legal principals Defamation occurs when a statement is published which leads to the lowering of a person’s reputation in the estimation of members of society. The accused must have made the publication with the intention to harm the reputation of the person defamed, and knows or believes that such injury will result. This constitutes as a criminal offence under the Penal Code (Chapter 224). However, under the law of tort, no intention needs to be proved,Damages are presumed to result from a libel (written statements) and no necessity to prove actual loss capable to being measured in monetary terms. Slander requires proof to special damage. For the statement to be considered as defamatory, it must be published and sent to any person other than the person who is the subject of the statement, untrue and effect of lowering a person’s reputation generally. Application Wanda is guilty for defamation because her statements were published in the form of emails and she had the intention to harm Glenda’s reputation as she was unhappy with her. Also, there were damages in the form of business loss and this is capable of being measured in monetary terms as well. Conclusion Glenda will be successful if she sues Wanda for defamation. b) What are the possible remedies available to Glenda in this situation? She will be awarded damages to compensate for the loss of reputation. The amount of damages may bbe aggravated by malicious motives and the prominence of both the plaintiff and defendant, seriousness of the libel and the manner and extent of the publication as well as the conduct of the defendant. Glenda can also seek an injunction to prevent the future publication of any defamatory matter and destruction of all defamatory materials published. How to cite Blaw Law of Tort, Essays

European Mercantilism and the Protestant Reformation free essay sample

This paper discusses mercantilism in Europe, and how it was affected by the Protestant Reformation in various countries throughout the continent. The author provides examples of mercantilism in various European countries. Includes a look at not only religious, but also economic and political factors at work. European mercantilism was the product of the Protestant Reformation, though there were other factors which played an integral role in its development. The growth and development of mercantilist economies was proliferated by protestant states and without these states, European economies would have stagnated and remained generally primitive. Still, the French were able to have a successful foray into mercantilism. The Reformation had a substantial impact on the economies of Europe. The new attitudes fostered by the Reformation set the stage for Mercantilism and the later capitalist age. The national-state was formed and then preserved by the Reformation-inspired contractual natural law philosophy of Hobbes and Locke. We will write a custom essay sample on European Mercantilism and the Protestant Reformation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay †Shakespeare

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay – Shakespeare Free Online Research Papers A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Shakespeare The play â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† written by Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare. In the play Shakespeare could write a tragedy and comedy at the same time. In â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† he shows another play to represent parallels to â€Å"Romeo and Julia†, but both plays have the same background, magic and fantasy. In this story Shakespeare shows many different kinds of love and marriage. In the story â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† there are four plots, the royal wedding of Theseus (the duke of Athenia) and Hippolyta (the amazon queen) and the story of Athenias young lovers, Lysander, Hermia, Demetrius and Helena. The main conflict in this play is the conflict between Oberon and Titania (the fairy queens) because both are jealousy of each other. Oberon is very angry and plays a trick. He orders his servant Puck to bring his a special flower who causes on to love the first person a person sees. Oberon gives it her and she falls in love with Bottom, an ugly creature. Puck gives this charm juice the other lovers and causes a big confusing. Oberon sees that and orders puck to cancel it. He makes this and all was again good. Now I came to the question: Should â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† be performed on stage nowadays? Pro arguments: ? Real and fantasy world. Both plays, the â€Å"real† play and the play within combine good to each other. This combination makes the play more interesting and mysterious. The play is very amousing and has a lot of fun. ? The play has a good contrast of a happy end and a sad end because the â€Å"real† play has a happy end and the play within has a sad end. This is good and brings change in the play. ? This play shows the energy and the force of the nature. The play shows that one cannot affect the destiny and nature. What belongs together find also together ? The play is a fairy-tale and this is good because the people that watch or read this play can feel these plots better. Contra: ? The real and the fantasy worlds are more into another that makes it more difficult to understand ? It cannot keep apart the real and the fantasy worlds ? The play is not corresponds no longer up to date. Now I came to my own opinion whether the play â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† should be still played or not. I think that the play â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† should be still played today, because it shows us humans, that we have to fight against the patriarchal, (the man dominates). It is completely important that the play A Midsummer Nights Dreamâ€Å"wants us to show that we cannot do nothing against the power of nature and the strength of the love is powerless and which we the destiny not to affect to be able. We cannot delay our destiny however to prevent. The play should be played, since it will remain an always topically topic, the love. The love is a topic that always exists. The love is concerned to everyone. The love is in the centre of this history. This makes the play more interesting. If one is the acting modernized then that the play which one also still in 20 years could. The play plays in the coming year. Research Papers on A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay - ShakespeareHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XWhere Wild and West MeetTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHip-Hop is Art

fiber optic communications essays

fiber optic communications essays Fiber Optics is a significant technology used in many different areas of communications. With the explosion of the internet, fiber optics can readily provide the capacity of data that is transmitted with its gigabit speeds. As more breakthroughs in technology occur, it will spread to every aspect of the industry. Telephones, Fax Machines, Radios, Television Broadcasting, and even satellites use this highly reliable light wave technology. The telecommunications industry receives the most benefits from fiber optics. It allows for the transmission of audio, video, and data information in high quality. Fiber optics uses light pulses directed down a tiny glass fiber in order to relay information. Two different types of fibers are in use today, single mode, and multimode. Each of these types of fibers are made of three different parts, the core, the cladding, and the buffer. While singlemode and multimode fibers are composed of the same components, they do still differ. Singlemode fibers are significantly smaller than multimode fibers. The core of the fiber is the most crucial part of any fiber. In the core is where the light signals themselves travel through. Because of how easily light refracts, the core must be completely transparent. Therefore, pure glass is not even transparent enough to transmit the signal and must be mixed with silica to attain perfection. The core is also the innermost and smallest part of a fiber, having a diameter of only eight microns. The average human hair has a diameter of approximately 100 microns, making the core of a singlemode fiber about 1/13 the size of a human hair. Because the technology would not work if the light did not bounce down the fiber, the core must be encased in a covering that refracts the light and prevents any escape of light waves. For this, there is a layer of glass outside of the core called the cladding layer. In order for the cladding to refract the light wav...

Danger to Bees is Danger to Us Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Danger to Bees is Danger to Us - Research Paper Example Besides, when bees feel threatened, depending on their strain they can sting once and in some cases respond to threats in great numbers and even can pursue intruders with more persistence. Bees remain the significant commercial pollinators of crops that rely on animal pollination which account for 35% of world food production (Genersch 87). Therefore, bees are vital for economic and sustainable agriculture as well as food security; hence, their threat translates to human threat. For instance, honeybees and their health has been a major topic in the recent past considering their significant role in pollination and food production. Although some exaggerated suggestions claim that humankind would not survive long if bees disappear, production of many fruits and crops that contribute to healthy diet rely on animal pollination. Therefore, a consideration that goes beyond caloric to consider a balanced and nationally valuable diet animal pollinators remain to be essential, which signifies the importance of honey bees in crop production. Independent crop pollination that never rely on animal pollination account for about 65% and 90% of the remaining 35% is carried out by honeybees. Hence, although demise of bees may not spell the end of human kind, the human diet if honeybees become extinct will be greatly impoverished with the decline of bees. Therefore, the decrease of honeybees and their connection to worldwide food security make the decrease of bees an increasing concern for people because of the declining numbers of bees. Since pollination of crops in North America as well as Europe heavily relies on honeybees, the prevailing development of loss of honeybees is alarming though different nations are affected differently. The decline in number of honeybees in the 1990s within Europe attributed to political as well as economic upheaval caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Several countries in the soviet used honey as form of currency, which motivated people t o keep bees but after the economic system changed, honey lost its economic relevance, which forced people to give up beekeeping. These economic links imply sustainable economic benefits for beekeepers in nations with declining bees and beehive management can contribute to stabilization or increase of bees or increase of managed beehives (Genersch 88). The prevailing bee losses are not sustainable and the trend is down as is the case with the quality of bees, which if not handled would lead to lose of many bees. The gravity of the threat to bees was acknowledged when the European commission signified its intention of imposing a ban on class of pesticides often referred to as neonicotinoids, which are widely used in the world (Grossman). This class of pesticides is considered a leading cause of colony collapse in bees; hence, the European commission had to announce the controversial decision following the conclusion by the European Food Safety Agency that pesticides represent acute ri sk to bees. The action by the European commission came as scientists and regulators showed their increased concern regarding the impact of colony collapse on the world’s food supply since many of the planet’s significant food crops rely on insect pollination. According to Grossman, a study regarding crop systems in 6 continents indicated

Russian Realism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Russian Realism - Coursework Example o non-influential parts of radical educational institutions generates diverse generations for radicalized youth that makes reconciliation more difficult to attain. The vicious cycle surrounding natural recourses is only broken with massive political reforms in which oil regimes of Russian energy industry resist. Russia ranks as one of the leading natural gas suppliers in the world. The country has been in close competition with the U.S. as top leading producer of energy in terms of oil. Russia holds one formidable position for energy exportation. The aspect of statutory intervention of European Union as well as former Soviet Union narrows as major Russian energy importers. Such media coverage for the ‘gas crisis’ can be highlighted to be an incremental growth for energy security politicization in the region as well as global politics. On the other hand, the establishment of Europe’s access of reliable and relatively cheaper energy supplies together with Russian adventurism presents a major threat to continued reliance for hydrocarbons while establishing international energy security future. The growth of Russia’s international prominence has an inextricable link to the available natural energy resources. The broader price increases for oil and gas from the mid-200 0s has placed Russia as an influential component of global politics while negotiating positions of financial collapse. The recent decades have marked successive economic growth years. Growth in demand allows for Russian energy prospects to be a bargaining chip and placing the country’s position top OPEC countries and Middle East. The regions are marked by continuous conflicts that undermine supply’s reliability. Europe is mostly dependent on Russia to gain up to 40 percent of gas while 33% of the oil supplies continue increasing based on expectations. On the other hand, China approximately imports up to 10 percent of gas from northern neighbors. The national and energy security problems

Literature Review On Multinational Corporations Management Essay

Literature Review On Multinational Corporations Management Essay Globalization is everywhere. It is the process of increased interdependence between nations (Carbaugh, 2009). Globalization is driven by technological change and the liberalization of trade and opening up of the markets. Globalization has given rise to multinational companies. Multinational corporations or companies (MNCs) are massive companies having business in several countries around the world. The growth of MNCs has been very rapid in the recent years and they are even proliferating into the developing nations where there is tremendous scope for business. These corporations usually transfer their knowledge and business practices like finance and human resource (HR) to their subsidiaries in other nations and try to maintain coordination. Various methods are used to ensure this transfer. The transfer of HR practices is very important to maintain some sort of synchronization between the head quarters of the MNC and their subsidiaries. Though HRM was not considered of great value in the past, now it is considered to be one of the most important components of a successful organization as human beings are considered to be assets to the organizations and their retention and satisfaction is of key importance. MNCs usually adopt HR strategies that match the industrial requirements of the host companies and at the same time transfer some of the parent country practices to the subsidiaries. Human resource management as such refers to a rational and strategic approach to managing people who work in an organization to achieve the goal of the organization collectively (Armstrong, 2003). The successful diffusion of HRM practices across subsidiaries by the MNCs either makes or breaks them. They strive to strike a balance between home country and host country practices by prioritising what needs to be adopted from each. To a large extend they try to converge their best practices so that coordination and management is easy. They also try to integrate the practices of host countries so that there is acceptance in those countries, but the degree of this integration varies from one MNC to another. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Multinational Corporations Multinational corporations or MNCs are known by different names transnational companies, multinational enterprises, global corporations or international corporations. The origin of MNCs could be traced back to the 1860s, but it was only after the Second World War that the world has seen such a rapid growth in their numbers (Cherunilam, 2006). The British East India Company and Royal Africa Company are examples of some earlier MNCs. The ILO defines MNC as a company having head quarters in the home country and operations in several other countries. These companies think globally but act locally. The main reason why firms chose to go global could be attributed to the uneven distribution of factor endowments and failures in the market. MNCs generate almost 50% of the globes industrial output and about 67% of the world trade (Gooderham Nordhaug, 2003). Now a days MNCs are present in all parts of the world but the bulk of them belong to the triad nations of USA, European Union and Japan. Some of the points to consider for a company to be called an MNC are as given below (Saleem, 2006). Operates in many countries. The level of economic progress in these countries may differ. Around 50% of its net profits come from the operations in foreign countries. Usually has a central management with local subsidies being managed by locals. Encourages collective transfer of resources and knowledge across continents. Has a huge resource base and ability to expand. a) Types of MNCs Caves, in his book Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, divides MNCs broadly into three groups (Caves, 1996). Horizontally integrated companies are those which sell the same kind of goods across nations, for example, soft drink companies, confectioneries etc. In the case of vertically integrated enterprises, the output in some of their plants in one country serves as input in some of their plants in other countries. The reason for the dispersal of the units could be attributed to the geographical reasons. An industry known for its vertical integration is the oil industry where the crude oil is dug in one location and its processing done in another location. The third and last group described are MNCs that show no evidence of either vertical or horizontal integration (Caves, 1996). The companies belonging to the third group concentrate on spreading business risk, especially systemic risks. Systemic risk refers to the risk of collapse of an entire market or industry. MNCs can be further classified as financial controllers and integrated international companies (Tempel, 2001). Financial controllers are companies where there is very strong control of the subsidiaries by the head quarters and there is also a great degree of dependence on the parent country by the subsidiaries for resources. The integrated international company also has a high degree of authority over its subsidiaries and also there is a high degree of resource dependence. The factor that distinguishes the financial controllers from the integrated companies is that there is a certain degree of independence when it comes to resource. b) Foreign Direct Investment It is seen that the more the foreign direct investment (FDI), the bigger the population of MNC subsidiaries in that country. FDI refers to the long term investment of one country in another. FDI inflows in to the developing countries have been on the rise since the 1990s (Patterson et al, 2004). Due to this the number of MNCs cropping up in the developing countries is also on the increase. c) Knowledge Transfer One major feature of MNCs is the transfer of knowledge and practices across the world from the parent country to the host countries and vice versa. The transfer of knowledge comprise of technology transfer, transfer of managerial and technical knowhow and various skills. This knowledge being transferred could be implicit or explicit knowledge. Implicit or tacit knowledge consist of mainly personal experiences, attitudes and skills that are specific to a person and hence difficult to formulize; explicit knowledge on the other hand can be easily quantified into scientific data, formulas, procedures and is not people specific (Tayeb, 2005). Explicit knowledge can be easily transferred while tacit knowledge is more difficult. Transfer of explicit knowledge takes place by the transfer of machinery and equipment, installation of software, licensing and so on. HRM goes a long way in helping the transfer of knowledge across nations, especially implicit knowledge. HRM practices like training, motivation, vision sharing and inter-unit transfer of employees, all help in the creation, maintenance and transfer of implicit knowledge with in the different units of the MNC (Tayeb, 2005). MNCs need both tacit and explicit knowledge for gaining competitive advantage. In fact knowledge transfer between the head quarters and subs form the basis for relationship building for the MNC (Koohang, Harman and Britz, 2008). 2. 50 Global MNCs The Fortune magazine comes out with a list called Fortune Global 500 companies where they rate companies based on their on various revenues and profit. This list is considered to be the list when it comes to the best and most powerful companies in the world and making the list is a great honour. This year Wal Mart stands number 1 in the list. The list also consist of classification of companies based on various factors like sales, revenues, fastest growth rate, employment rate, and so on. Given below is the list of the top 50 companies from the list (Fortune, 2010). The list consist of a mix of international and multinational companies belonging to many industries ranging from retailers, finance, oil, automobile and IT to mention a few. They are also distributed in several countries. Rank2.jpg Source : Fortune Magazine, 26th July, 2010, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2010/full_list/. 3. The Automotive MNCs Around the world the insurgence of vehicles made in foreign countries can be witnessed. The automotive industry is a prime example of MNCs developing cross border networks and alliances (Blanpain, 2008). The automobile industry started getting international status after the Second World War, when companies like Ford and General Motors started selling vehicles in the European markets. In the 1970s Japanese companies started penetrating the US markets with their cars and in the 1980s European countries started selling its automobiles in other continents. By the 1990s the automotive industry was totally thrown open with not only sales in foreign countries, but also production of parts and vehicles expanding to alien countries. This created the need to develop strategies to ensure coordination and control over the subsidiaries by the parent companies. Some famous automotive MNCs are Toyota Motor Company, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Volkswagen and Hyundai to mention a few. The Int ernational Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) comes out with a statistics on motor vehicles production both manufacturer and country wise. Both statistics are given below. The below data gives an idea of the 2009 production of automobiles by top companies including some which figure in the Fortune Global 500 as well as country wise distribution of the same. tables and charts-001.jpg Source: OICA, (2009), http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/ ranking-2009-001.jpg Source: OICA (2009), http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2009.pdf 4. Human Resource Management Human resource management can be defined as designing management systems to ensure that human talent is used effectively and efficiently to achieve organizational goals (Mathis and Jackson, 2008, p 4). From the above definition the following aims could be inferred about HRM as pointed out by Armstrong in his book A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. Organizational effectiveness is one of the goals of HRM strategies. This could be done by developing proper and well laid out policies in various arenas like talent management, knowledge transfer and management and work place management (Armstrong, 2006). Management of human capital is another goal. Human beings are now considered to be one of the most vital assets to any company and managing them is of utmost importance. Their attraction, retention, nurturing and motivation are taken care of my HRM. HRM supports and facilitates knowledge management and transfer between the head quarters and subsidiaries. One very important aspect of HRM is reward management. The attraction and retention of employees is possible only if they are rewarded appropriately. HRM also aims at maintaining good and healthy relationship among the employees and also with the trade unions. Another aim of HRM is to meet the diverse needs of the stakeholders of the company by implementing policies that balance all their needs. The last and final aim of HRM as mentioned by Armstrong is slightly over reaching, yet something HRM aspires to do. This is to bridge the gap between ambitions and actual operations. It strives to ensure that the aspirations are translated into doable action plan. In the case of most MNCs HR practices are transferred across borders for want of competitive advantage and the use of competencies that are unique to the parent firm. However there are cases of the transfer of practices from subsidiary to the parent firm or between two subsidiaries. 5. Models for Implementing HR Practices across Border Various models exist when it comes to transferring HR practices across nations. These models are based on the whether the host or home country practices are adopted or a mixture of both. a) Convergence and Divergence Models of HR Practices MNCs decide to either converge or diverge when it comes to HR practices. Convergence refers to the diffusion of the preferred practices of the parent company to the subsidiaries. Divergence is the adoption of the local human resource practices and labour relations common to the host nation (Cooke, 2003). There are basically four main arguments supporting convergence of best practices (Sparrow et al, 2004). These hold true when it comes to HRM as well. Power of Markets: This argument basically says that at present US management practices are considered to be the best practices around the world and the market forces are such that those MNCs that do not follow those practices are at a disadvantage in the market and may even lose out eventually (Brewster, 2002). Hence many MNCs adopt the HR practices adopted by the US firms which is inclined towards convergence. Transaction Cost Economics: The adoption of convergence methods has been supported by transaction cost economists. Transaction cost can be simply defined as the cost that is incurred for transferring information. This includes all cost incurred for gathering valuable information and also the processing of that information. Firms that follow convergence actually reduce the transaction cost and hence transaction cost economics favours convergence. Like-minded International Cadres: The growing number of students of management from the USA and UK are alarmingly large. The number of non-European students reported to be present in the UK in the year 2004 is 210000 (The Guardian, 2005). The number is only greater in the USA. These numbers are on the rise and they populate the many MNCs around the world. This result in the churning out of people whose thinking patterns and working patterns are more or less similar. This again increases the convergence of practices across nations. Cost, Quality and Productivity Pressures: The convergence of quality standards across countries with regard to products and services is very important for the success of MNCs. The proponents of divergence on the other hand argue that there is a requirement to adopt local policies and practices when it comes to HR and convergence might cause problems like the country of origin effect. They also argue that convergence is often difficult due to various regional and cultural factors as well as government interference (Daniel Reitsperger, 2004). b) Hybrid Model of HR Practices There is a third model that could be adopted for the transfer of HR practices across borders and that is the hybrid system. This is a combination of both convergence and divergence models. Hybrid model for transfer mainly refers to the application of best practices of the home country through convergence when it comes to core tasks and the adoption of more local practices when it comes to non-mainstream parts of the task (Bamberger and Meshoulam, 2000). The hybrid model could be said to be the result of the many constraints imposed by the local environment. Brakman et al, in their book Nations and Firms in the Global Economy, cites the example of Japanese MNCs who were forced to accept US HR practices when they began to expand their business into the US (Brakman et al, 2006). More and more MNCs are leaning towards the hybrid model as it is the more workable model for controlling and managing business across borders. When the topic of transfer of HR practices across borders is discussed, there arises a need to discuss the country of origin effect. c) Country of Origin Effect The country of origin effect is a very important aspect that needs to be considered while converging and transferring HR practices across the borders to the subsidiaries or branches. The country of origin effect could be defined as generalized image created regarding the products, technology, practices and policies of a company in relation to the country from which that company originated (Davies et al, 2003). In the case of transfer of HR practices, the country of origin influences how the MNCs conduct their business in other countries and also what HRM policies they adopt across borders. For example a German company applying work council type arrangements across borders and a Japanese company putting emphasis on satisfying employee needs as top priority across borders (Brakman et al, 2006). 6. HR Policies/Strategies of MNCs The policies/strategies adopted by MNCs have a lot to do with whether they are converging, diverging or integrating home and host country practices. Different companies adopt different policies, though most follow the hybrid model as it is ideal for success in present times of dynamic markets. The adoption of the strategy depends on various factors like: The type of industry and its environment. The general environment under which the firm has to operate. The companys strengths and weaknesses. The availability of suitable candidates in the parent and host countries to hold executive positions. The willingness of employees to be deployed offshore. Whether outsourcing is an option for the company. Some of the strategies adopted by MNCs to ensure that there is control and coordination of their various subsidiaries is briefly explained below. a) Polycentric Strategy This strategy boasts a decentralized structure where the parent company retains the rights to control a few important areas that it deems vital (Tayeb, 2005). The subsidiaries are given a great deal of autonomy to develop HR policies that are inclined towards that followed by the host countries (Scholz and Bohm, 2008). They are also led by talents from the local market. In fact they are called Host Country Nationals (HCNs) and they are usually promoted to important positions in the host country branch. The foremost advantage of this strategy is that managing the business by the subsidiary in its country is easy as it does not clash with the local cultures or practices. However, this approach is not without its disadvantages. The parent company may not be able to exercise as much control as it would like over the subsidiary and also some of the local HR practices may be undesirable and against the ethical code of the parent company. Unilever is an example of a company following the po lycentric strategy. b) Ethnocentric Strategy Here the parent companies practices are forced up on the subsidiaries irrespective of the practices followed in the host country (Scholz and Bohm, 2008). The subsidiaries have little autonomy and practically no decision making powers. Companies like British Petroleum (BP) follow the ethnocentric approach post the 1990s. They used to send a large cadre of British executives on long term assignments to the subsidiaries with the intention of transferring skills and knowledge (Mabey et al, 1998). Similarly, Toyota sends a team of Japanese executives overseas to administer the start up of a new subsidiary (Bernardin, 2007). These executives of the parent country sent overseas to work in subsidiaries are usually referred to as parent country nationals (PCNs). This strategy is followed my MNCs who consider HR practices to be of primary importance for the success of the business. c) Geocentric Strategy This HR strategy is characterized by collaborative relationship between the parent and the subsidiary companies. This strategy integrates all company activities on a global scale. The entire company parent company and subsidiaries are considered to be a global work space and all its employees are considered to be global workforce (Bernardin, 2007). This line of though enables the employees to be promoted across borders irrespective of their origin. These countries use what is called third country nationals (TCNs) across the organizations. TCNs are nationals that do not belong to either the home country or the host country. Since the ability to work in any of the countries of business is important in this strategy,, it lays a lot of importance to training and developmental activities. IBM is an example of an MNC using geocentric strategy. d) Regiocentric Strategy This strategy attempts to balance centralization and decentralization. This strategy recognizes the importance of cultural differences but considers the difference important only at the local level. This could be called a minor version of the geocentric strategy. In this approach usually staffing, training and compensation strategies are based on the local norms where as in geocentric it is based on the concept of a global marketplace. Example of a company that has adopted the regiocentric approach is Coca Cola. 7. Methods to Ensure Convergence of HR Practices a) Coercive Comparisons Coercive power in HR refers to the power exerted by the company by clearly stating that non-compliance will result in disciplinary action. Coercive comparison is also a type of force used by MNCs to exert control over the workers. This method is usually used against trade unions to counter the effect of collective bargaining of the workers. In fact coercive comparison is used to whipsaw unions across borders. This is does by using both implicit and explicit threats or promises to disinvestment of work (Cooke, 2003). This type of coercion may force the unions to take a more cooperative stand with the MNCs. There are cases of reverse coercive comparison too where the unions use it against the management. Many observers feel that economic and political pressures created orbits of coercive comparison (Rees, 1989). The orbit of coercive comparison refers to the wage market which is more or less like an orbit where the influential factors include the organization, its policies and the general concept of equity (Kerr, 1977). b) International Benchmarking Benchmarking is defined by Zairi as the search for best industry practices that will lead to superior performance (Zairi, 1994, p 61). Benchmarking may also be defined as a process of measuring ones own practices against the practices of the industry leaders to see if there is any scope for improvement (Bohlander and Snell, 2010). Benchmarking helps in deciding the best practices to be transferred and maintained across nations. Thus, practices could be diffused across borders and established as standards of good performance. c) Expatriation and Repatriation Expatriation is an HR practice used to fill positions in companies. Expatriation is used not only to fill positions when there is a dearth of host country managers but also to transfer knowledge and practices to the host country (Gooderham and Nordhaug, 2003). MNCs use expatriation to ensure that the corporate culture and practices are properly instilled in the subsidiaries. As mentioned earlier, Japanese companies like Toyota often send Japanese executives to a subsidiary during its setting up to ensure the transfer of practices and adherence to the Japanese way of doing work. Expatriation is also used to have direct control over the subsidiary operations. Expatriation if done well, with the selection of apt candidates with suitable expertise and cross cultural experience, is very useful in the transfer of HR practices. However, the minuses of expatriation are culture shock and the inability of the person to adjust and understand the local requirements of the host country. Expatriat ion is usually considered by the appointee to be a step up in the career graph. Repatriation is the return of an employee from a foreign assignment. MNCs are usually faced with the challenge of retention of the returning employee and also to ensure that he retains the connection with the parent companies. For this MNCs usually resort to tactics like mentoring where a senior official acts as mentor to the expatriate and maintains constant contact with the person and also inbuilt repatriation programmes that help the employee in relocating smoothly (Aswathappa and Dash, 2008). 8. Control Strategies One way of exerting control over the operations in the subsidiaries is to follow an ethnocentric approach; another is expatriation; and yet another is the establishment of benchmarks for the practices to be adopted. However, over and above this there are many control techniques adopted by MNCs, some of these are direct control and some others are indirect control. a) Direct Control MNCs deploy direct control methods to ensure that the performances of the employees are up to the standards required which in turn ensure the success of the business. One direct control technique is performance appraisal. It is essential to have a very stable, practical and strong performance appraisal mechanism. This mechanism should be in place at all levels of the company as well as in their subsidiaries. If the company and branches are considered as one big organization (geocentric approach) such appraisals helps in tracking the performance of various employees and rewarding them as per the performance across borders. While establishing the performance appraisal system one needs to figure out exactly what type of performance is to be measured. This could be trait based, behaviour based or functional based systems (Fisher et al, 2008). Many MNCs follow what is called 360 degree assessment. This assessment is highly comprehensive and effective as feedback is taken simultaneously from the employee, his peers, subordinates and superiors. Another control technique which motivates employees to improve performance is reward systems for outstanding performance. This system seeks to individualize the workforce by rewarding outstanding performance with pay rises and promotions (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005). Training programs conducted by the companies also help to a great extend in ensuring that the corporate objectives, codes and practices are imparted to the employees. Direct control also includes the written rules, regulations and codes of the company that are applicable to all its branches. This is usually referred to as bureaucratic controls; another kind of direct control called technical control which is the usage of equipments, established processes, communication channels and surveillance (Bratton and Gold, 1999). Direct controls are usually process based. b) Indirect Control Indirect controls are often hidden or unobtrusive. Intrinsic rewards like praise and recognition is a method of indirect control. It helps in motivating employees to work harder and achieve greater results. Indirect control in HRM can be classified into output controls and controls through socializations (Wilkinson et al, 2009). The output or indirect outcome based control where the focus is on actual results and not the processes. Many multinational firms rely on social networking to exert indirect control. They use the social networks within companies to transfer knowledge and culture and share information through the informal communication. 9. Cross Border Transfer of knowledge and Practices at McDonalds McDonalds is an MNC an international fast food chain with branches all over the world. There are more than 30,000 McDonalds restaurants in over 119 countries (employing more than 70,000 people) of which 51% are franchisees (McDonalds Corporation, 2008). What does McDonalds do to ensure uniformity among all its restaurants around the world? First of all McDonalds have a licensing agreement with the franchisees that ensure that they follow standardised patterns when it comes to menus, layout, administration, operations and equipment. The McDonalds UK website provides information packs for students regarding various aspects including franchising. The steps followed by McDonalds to transfer HR practices across borders to their franchisees can me summarised as below from their publication Franchising at McDonalds and also from their brochure for franchisees. Intensive Training The franchisees are provided with intensive training which extends to nine months full time (McDonalds Corporation, 2007). The training covers every aspect of the business from administration to cleaning. Regular Checks McDonalds head quarters regularly checks whether the franchisees are adhering to the McDonalds standards regarding menus, cleanliness, and administration and so on. Failure to keep up to the required standards may even result in the franchisee losing their license. Active Role in Community McDonalds expects its franchisee to put something back to the community and hence encourages them as well as the McDonalds staff to get involved in community events and make contributions to local charities. Commitment McDonalds insist that their franchisees are not involved in any other business and are totally committed to running the business. This way they can ensure a greater commitment to upholding their standards and requirements. 10. Human Resource Development at Toyota the Toyota Way The Toyota Motor Company is an automotive multinational with head quarters in Japan. It was in 2001that Toyota Way. In the beginning it was an expression of the values and code of conduct that Toyota wanted its employees to embrace. The 5 basic principles that Toyota highlights in the Toyota Way 2001 is i. Challenge, ii. Kaizen or Improvement, iii. Genchi Genbutsu or Go and See, iv. Respect and v. Teamwork. Key principles of Toyota Way 2001 Source: Toyota Motor Corporation Sustainability Report, 2009, p 54. In 2002 the Toyota Way was extended to include individual functions, domestic and overseas sales, HR, finance, procurement and other functional realms (http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/03/jyugyoin03.html). The Toyota Way was developed with the aim of transferring Toyotas management philosophies, business practices and values globally to all its branches across the world. Toyota also released a booklet called Toyota Developing People, which was aimed at transferring HR practices across borders. The booklet aimed to promote workplaces where personnel development takes place at all levels. Its labour management techniques are based on mutual trust and respect. To further their cause of global integration, the Toyota Institute was started in the year 2001. The main aim of the institute was the promotion of HRM from a global perspective and also to ensure that Toyotas core values are rightfully transferred across borders. 11. Fords Governing Strategy Ford Motor Company is a USA based MNC with more than 90 plants worldwide and with more than 190,000 employees. Their operations are governed by their shared values called One Ford. It emphasises the working together as one team to achieve the corporate goals. Its One Ford Mission diffuses down to its many manufacturing plants and also to how it manages its HR. It emphasizes a single global approach where the efforts of the Ford employees around the world are aligned towards a common goal (Ford Motor Company, 2009). The One Ford Strategy has 3 main elements. i. One Team, ii. One Plan and iii. One Goal. Source: http://www.ford.com/about-ford/company-information/one-ford ANALYSIS Examining the best strategy for an MNC based on their structure with respect to HR can be depicted in the diagram below. HIGH Global Integration Global Structure Transnational Structure Ethnocentric HRS Geocentric HRS Global Integration Extensive Use of PCNs Uses PCN, HCN and TCNs Japanese MNCs Emerging MNCs International Structure Multi-domestic Structure Regiocentric HRS Polycentric HRS PCNs and H

Abstract on Application of Geophysics in Solving Environmental and Engineering Problem

APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS IN SOLVING ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Lawrence A. Anine, Department of Earth Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun. The use of geophysical methods in solving engineering and environmental problems has increased over the years in most developed countries like Japan. During the 60’s, when Japan was still in their developing era, geophysical methods were used in investigation of new construction such as tunnel, dams, buildings and so on.In the present era, geophysical methods are now used in investigating disaster prevention, maintenance of existing construction and soil and ground water pollutions. As a developing country and continent, various geophysical methods should be employed in solving various engineering and environmental problems because they play a vital role in solving such problems. This vital role played by geophysicists, especially in construction of new roads, railways and high-rise buildings wi ll be reflected in the future because, for instance, during construction, huge amounts of concretes are been used and this requires huge amount of sands.So, if low quality sands are used, the performance or quality of the concretes will decelerate, and as such shortens its durable years. Such concretes can cause accident in the future due to its bad quality. Therefore, it is important to an engineer to investigate the health of these concretes (building materials) and this role becomes much more important in the future. Geophysical methods with non-destructive techniques will be employed in testing the construction.Geophysical investigation is employed not only during construction but also for maintenance of existing constructions. Most concretes construction will reach their durable years after about 15 to 20 years and these durable years needs to be extended in order to use them longer than before since the rate of new construction will reduce in the coming era of low rate of econ omical growth. So, existing constructions needs to be well maintained and these quality control and maintenance of the existing construction becomes much more important in the future.As more industries are being created in Nigeria and in other developing countries of Africa, huge amount of waste will be generated and disposed into the ground in and around the factories, polluting the soil and underground water in that area. Geophysical methods are employed in investigation for remediation of the polluted soil and underground water. It plays an important role in solving this problem resulting from increasing amount of environmental pollutions in this area.In investigation of soil and groundwater pollution, geophysical methods can be used as a tool for Estimation of the total area that has been polluted and the degree of pollution. Investigation and detection of the source of the pollution. Studying and understanding the mechanism of pollution. Monitoring of remediation of the polluti on. Geophysical methods used for shallow subsurface investigation can be used in detecting drum cans containing contaminant buried at shallow depths.Flow of contaminant can also be investigated using techniques like the self potential method which can estimate the distribution of impermeable and permeable layers and the flow characteristic of ground water and as such can be used to monitor the remediation process of the pollution. Pumping-up well Visualization of groundwater flow by streaming potential measurements (after Sato et al. , 1997) Geophysics is also employed in Transportation projects and it’s use in geotechnical projects is increasing among transportation agencies like the US state, Federal (i. DOTs-Department of Transportation) and Canadian transportation agencies. Geophysical Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: www. foxitsoftware. com/shopping APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS IN SOLVING ENGINEERING AND ENVIR ONMENTAL PROBLEMS methods mostly used in transportation projects are Seismic method, Ground penetrating radar(G. P. R) and vibration monitoring and they have been employed in bedrock mapping, mapping soil deposits(soil characterization) and in investigating roadway subsidence.The purpose of using geophysics in transportation projects is to identify and characterize physical properties of subsurface geomaterials in a manner that benefits highway projects and transportation programs in ways like reducing project cost, achieving better and broader subsurface characterization, increasing speed of acquisition and utilizing a noninvasive approach to evaluate subsurface conditions.Application of borehole geophysical methods as applied to the non-petroleum sector have enjoyed a resurgence of growth in recent years as engineers and environmental scientist are beginning to appreciate and use the added value of borehole geophysical data in solving engineering and environmental problems especia lly in developed countries.Advanced borehole geophysical methods such as gamma, resistivity, fluid temperature and resistivity, electromagnetic induction (EM), magnetic susceptibility, P- and S- wave velocity, flowmeter, optical televiewer, borehole video, and crosshole seismic tomography have been used to characterize fractured-rock ground-water flow, delineate bedrock foliation and fracture orientation, map unconsolidated hydrogeologic units, and delineate saltwater intrusion(Stumm, 2003). Geophysics is also employed in the investigation for disaster prevention in areas prone to disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, e. . c. Deep seismic reflection and gravity methods are almost always necessary for delineation of active faults and deep subsurface structure in investigation for earthquake disaster prevention. Key Words: Pollutant Remediation, Disaster Prevention, Borehole Geophysical Methods, Self Potential, Ground Penetrating Radar, Seismic method, Gravity method, Electromagnetic Induction, Gamma, Vibration monitoring, soil characterization. ABBREVIATIONS G. P. R :- Ground Penetrating Radar EM:- Electromagnetic Induction P-wave:- Primary waves S-wave:- Secondary waves DOTs:- Department of TransportationREFERENCES Sato, H. , Shima, H. , and Sakurai, K. , 1997, A study on generation of streaming potential due to pumping-up of groundwater: Proc. of the 97th technical conference of SEGJ, 279-282 (in Japanese). Satoru, O. , Application of Geophysical exploration for Environmental Earth Sciences and Engineering: OYO Corporation, 4-2-6 Kudan-kita, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 1-11. Sirles, P. C. , 2006, Use of Geophysics for Transportation Projects; A synthesis of Highway Practice(NCHRP synthesis): Transportation Research Board,Washington D.C. , 1-12. Stowell, J. R, An overview of Borehole Geophysical methods for solving Engineering and Environmental problems: EG&G Mount Sopris Instrument, Colorado, U. S. A. Stumm, F. , Chu, A. , 2003, Application of Advanced surface and Borehole Geophysical methods to environmental and engineering problems on long Island and Manhattan, New York: US Geological Survey, Coram, NY. Uomoto, T. , 2000, Maintenance of concrete structures in the 21 century: BUTSURI-TANSA, (Geophysical Exploration), 53, 499506 (in Japanese).

What skills are needed to make an effective team member

Good communication skills are essential in making an important contribution to a team. Different elements of these are outlined in the following paragraphs. In our event unit 18 I kept an upright body posture to help me communicate my message in a confident way, for example I avoided crossing my arms in a defensive position when speaking to people, when listening to someone else, I would smile, frown, laugh or be silent at appropriate times to show that I understand and to give feedback when working in a team work situation. Tact is a very important teamwork skill. During my event unit I respected others and their ideas; I tried not to consciously abrupt or cut off other people while they are still trying to say something. Everyone in the team is important and deserves respect, so I listened to their ideas and valued their contributions. I was sensitive and tactful in disagreements. Raising team morale and reducing tension in a team is very important when defusing resolving conflict within a team. Once there was a disagreement between two team members and I resolved this by stepping in and trying to identify the positives in both positions; making it a ‘win-win' situation. It is even better if you can anticipate conflict as actions can be taken before hand to avoid it. Conflict generally occurs when people have different ways of working, different characters, or give different values to their own contribution to the team. If one person is likely to try to force their view on others without listening to alternatives – then I would encourage others to put forward their views first. Earlier in my assignments I have studied that the difference between a group and a team is that a team is all about shared responsibility in achieving goals. We have also studied that there are two main elements of teamwork – concern to complete the task and concern to support the process. Concern for team members is a vital process skill. Tasks are completed better when everyone is pulling in the same direction a united team is a motivated team. A genuine concern should be displayed so team recuperation and performance will increase to a higher level. Many of us pay little attention to the quality of our listening, leaving a gap between hearing others and really listening to what they have to say. Real listening involves three steps: 1. Hearing – this is listening well enough to catch what the speakers have to say. E.g. if the speaker is talking about team roles and says that it is important to have a leader. You hear jus enough to repeat this fact- then you have what was said. 2. Understanding – you absorb what has been said and understand it in your own way. When you heard the speaker say that it is important to have a leader then you understand that the speaker could be suggesting that the team should have a leader. 3. Judging – this is when you understand what the speaker has said and you will want to judge whether it makes sense. To get to stage three you really need to listen carefully. So attentive listening can create a good team listener- someone who is willing to see that the sum of the team is greater than the individual parts. I have felt this before as I have seen that other people have good ideas which are better than my own. Questioning is useful, it helps clarify issues in a team and displays awareness for areas that need clearing up. If people don't ask questions they are more likely to make mistakes. I have found in my event unit that by asking a question politely, when you are unsure of something, the chances are that someone else in your team is also not sure but was too polite or scared to ask. Sincerity is important. Sincere and honest people are preferred to the superficial. One of the main criticisms of team members is that they are ‘two faced' or ‘insincere'. Teams should be built on trust. In our event unit, all team members put forward their ideas and contributed to the team in a sincere and open way, which is why we created a powerful team. You need to feel sure that your ideas are worth sharing if you want to speak clearly and confidently. Focusing on the key message that you want to get across and avoid getting sidetracked into irrelevant issues. Long pauses and ‘ers' and ‘ums' that break up the flow of your message should be avoided. When presenting powerpoints in my event unit or speaking with customers and team members I would take this into account. In one circumstance, I had to speak to a member of the management staff and I was told I speak articulately. A good team member needs to be organised, areas to work on will include the following: * Preparation for meetings – it is important to be effectively prepared for your meetings. Ensure you arrive on time and have done the appropriate background work. E.g. if the meeting is to discuss an action plan, you need to ensure that you have completed all the actions required from the last meeting. If you are being asked to present information you should ensure that it is set out in a summary paper that is clear and easy to understand. Dates of meetings and other important team activities should be put into your diary, you need to monitor that you haven't double booked meetings on your calendar. * As a team member it is important to be able to identify key issues facing your team. Consider what these issues are and then about the best ways of presenting them to your team. E.g. an issue we had in our event unit was that we didn't confirm what we were going to sell so we had a team meeting to resolve this issue. Having identified what the root causes of these issues were it was necessary to broach them in a tactful and sensitive way. * Teams should create schedules laying out when activities have to be carried out. Team work activities usually involve targets and deadlines. Scheduling involves identifying the key stages and processes that need to be completed. Dates should be attached to the completion of these activities and team members allocated responsibilities on a clear schedule. Our event unit required us to create schedules. A crucial element of scheduling activities at the personal level is effective time management. In order to develop this skill it is necessary to allocate time in a well organised way. By focusing on one activity at a time it is possible to maximise attention on that activity before moving onto another prioritised area. In our event unit our teacher advised to us to use a method of allocating time through a value analysis of time called the ABC analysis. * ‘A' activities are those that are ranked as very important. They can be effectively carried out by the person involved or team working with that person. * ‘B' activities are important but can be delegated. E.g. in our event unit it was my job to obtain a game console, I did this by myself but as another team member working in the same department as me, as a backup, so if I could not obtain the game console he would. * ‘C' activities are less important but usually represent the lion's share of the work. They include routine tasks such as paperwork and telephone calls. In our event unit we had to create flyers, leaflets etc to promote our business. To meet deadlines, we focused on the most important ‘A' task and completed one or two ‘A' tasks each day then a further two to three ‘B' tasks and set aside some time for ‘C' marks. This helped us to complete tasks on schedule when new carefully prioritise activities and gave appropriate time to the most important ones. * Responsibility – allocating responsibility is important in team work. At the end of the day the team needs to take responsibility for getting team tasks completed to a standard on time. But within the team it is vital to allocate responsibilities to individuals. A vital teamwork skill thus involves taking on responsibility. We were all allocated by our manager in our event unit 18. Self management is when we are able to manage ourselves effectively in our interactions with others. This is very important because as people are asked to take on more responsibility in organisations it can lead to increasing levels on stress and frustration if others do not accept their responsibilities. However we were a well managed group in our event unit 18 so this situation did not occur. * Responsiveness – good team workers are responsive to the needs of their team and to the needs of other team members. They respond to emails, they respond to other forms of communication and they respond to the challenges of creating a great team. A responsive team member rises to any team challenge that comes their way. * Adaptability – team workers need to be able to adapt to changing situations. Modern organisations are characterised by change, in our event unit 18 team workers are frequently asked to adjust to changing situations by: * Making decisions for themselves when dealing with customers. * Taking on more responsibility * Dealing with situations they have never faced before * Taking on new team roles – perhaps roles that they have not played before e.g. to chair a meeting. * Consideration of options – in most problem solving and decision making situations there are options to choose from. Teams are likely to generate more options than individuals working alone. A good team member will seek to find out as many different options as possible. They will then consider the options and help the team come up with a decision to choose the best option. A poor team worker will only consider one option- their own. For example in our event unit 18 we all had different ideas what to do for the event. * Maintaining focus – people tend to be only to concentrate on tasks for a relatively short period of time. Then they lose focus. This means that a team project can get off to a good start before losing momentum. Jus before the deadline date people regain focus- but often it is too late. This happened quite a lot in our event unit 18 as, to be honest, we are teenagers and easily distracted by internet gaming, online shopping, but thanks to our manager and teacher we were motivated to maintain focus and we held a successful event before it was too late. * Openness to criticism – we should all be open to criticism in order to improve ourselves, good criticism should focus on processes rather than judgments about people. E.g. when I created a business logo, I went round the group and asked them whether they liked the design or not, from their feedback, I tweaked my the original logo and created a couple of other logos, from which the whole group, picked one, this brought the group together and made us feel more like a team. ‘That didn't work, perhaps we could do it this way' is positive criticism which helps the team move forward. If providing criticism is focused on processes then we should accept it in a good spirit. Process criticism helps us to make improvements to our practice. I think that these skills were important for my unit 18 event and in general too.

Those who give up liberty for the sake of security...

Those who give up liberty for the sake of security deserve neither liberty nor security National Identification Card (NID) is not a new idea to the American Public or its politicians. The NID has been up and down the political stream as a means of fighting terrorism, welfare fraud, illegal immigration, crime, census â€Å"error†, and a vast variety of other so called crimes that you can think of. The NID once again rising up-stream after the terrible attack on the American soil as (again) the means to protect the American Public but is it capable of doing all it claims to or as a matter of facts it will make us more vulnerable to identity theft and more chaos? Now with the public still shaken after the Sept-11 attack and spooked by a†¦show more content†¦First business at hand, let’s first find out what would you need to get a national ID? A birth certificate, driver’s license, and proof of legal entry if you a foreigner. Well, the fact is that everyone can obtain such documents. Several of the men suspected of the Sept-11 attacks had forged identities. And the question now is that what would have prevented them from obtaining ID cards? Not to mention â€Å"our† domestic terrorists who are among us (but not one of us I hope) like Timothy McVeigh and John Walker Lindh. Second business at hand is that what might be required or contained on a national ID card: Citizenship or Immigration status, home address, voter registration, record of felony/convictions, social security number, blood type, medical records, dental records, auto insurance information, employer, digital thumbprint, digital photograph, DNA profile, travel record, record of your phone bills, places you been through, and much more that you can think of that can be used to â€Å"keep track† of your life in order to â€Å"protect† you. 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